The Manufacturer

Steel Grating Manufacturer

A grating can also be a picture having the characteristics of a grating. For example, a picture might be of a collection of parallel black bars separated by equal-sized white bars. These sorts of gratings are described by a graph (illustrated). On the y-axis of the graph is the luminance obtained by moving a light meter over the grating perpendicular to the orientation of the grating. On the x-axis of the graph is the distance the light meter moved. The example is a square-wave grating (see second panel of the illustration); the graph consists of flat, low lines (corresponding to the black bars), with abrupt corners leading to flat high lines (corresponding to the white bars). One period (or cycle) of such a grating consists of one black bar and one adjacent white bar. Gratings where the black bars have a different width from the white bars are rectangular and are described by the duty cycle. The duty cycle is the ratio of width of the black bar to period (or pitch, i.e. the sum of the widths of one black and one white bar).

Gratings are usually specified by four parameters. Spatial frequency is the number of cycles occupying a particular distance (e.g., 10 lines [or cycles] per millimeter). Contrast is a measure of the difference in luminance between the light parts of the grating and the dark parts. It is usually expressed as Michelson contrast: the maximum luminance minus the minimum luminance divided by the maximum luminance plus the minimum luminance. Phase is the position of the graph relative to some standard position. It is usually measured in degrees (from 0 to 360 for one complete cycle) or in radians (2π for one complete cycle). Orientation is the angle the grating makes with some standard orientation (such as the y-axis in a picture). It is also usually measured in degree or in radians.

Grating elements can have luminances other than that of sharp-edged bars. If the graph of a grating is sinusoidal (see top panel in the illustration), the grating looks like a set of blurry light and dark bars and it is called a sine-wave grating.

Sine-wave gratings are used extensively in optics to determine the transfer functions of lenses. A lens will form an image of a sine-wave grating that is still sinusoidal, but with some reduction in its contrast depending on the spatial frequency and possibly some change in phase. The branch of mathematics dealing with this part of optics is Fourier analysis.

Gratings are also used extensively in research into visual perception. Campbell and Robson promoted using sine-wave gratings by arguing that the human visual performs a Fourier analysis on retinal images.

Hydraulic Ironworker

A hydraulic ironworker can be used for punching, shearing, notching, bending and other metal fabrication functions. Scotchman’s special tooling department can design any special tool you need for your metal fabricating needs.

The Scotchman Ironworker is the most used and most versatile machine a person can have in their manufacturing or fabrication shop, maintenance department or vocational school. Ironworkers save time, increase productivity, eliminate waste and create clean smooth cuts and holes. Scotchman offers a complete line of American-made hydraulic ironworkers from 45 to 150 tons in three distinctive styles:

1. Component Tool Table Design
2. Fully Integrated
3. Dual Operator machines.

Air Compressor

An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which, on command, can be released in quick bursts. There are numerous methods of air compression, divided into either positive-displacement or negative-displacement types.

Positive-displacement air compressors work by forcing air into a chamber whose volume is reduced to compress the air. Piston-type air compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air chamber through the use of the constant motion of pistons. They use one-way valves to guide air into a chamber, where the air is compressed. Rotary screw compressors also use positive-displacement compression by matching two helical screws that, when turned, guide air into a chamber, whose volume is reduced as the screws turn. Vane compressors use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide air into a chamber and compress the volume.

 

 

What Does The Crank Angle Sensor Do?

In most modern cars the crank angle sensor 'tells' to engine control (computer) the position of the crankshaft in ratio with the camshaft; both are syncroniced to an especific position to produce the combustion (that means the camshaft sensor to do the same) with this readings (from both sensor) the computer fire up the fuel injectors & the ignition coil by controling the frecuency of the fuel injection your engine is managed to proper performance & this start with the crank sensor trigger signal.

Injection Mold

Material is introduced into the injection molding machine via a Hopper.  The injection moulding machine consists of a heated barrel equipped with a reciprocating screw (driven by a hydraulic or electric motor), which feeds the molten polymer into a temperature controlled split mould via a channel system of gates and runners.  The screw melts (plasticises) the polymer, and also acts as a ram during the injection phase. The screw action also provides additional heating by virtue of the shearing action on the polymer. The polymer is injected into a mould tool that defines the shape of the moulded part.  The pressure of injection is high, dependant on the material being processed; it can be up to one thousand atmospheres.  Tools tend to be manufactured from steels, (which can be hardened and plated), and Aluminium alloys for increased cutting and hand polishing speeds.  The costs associated with tool manufacture means that injection moulding tends to lend itself to high volume manufacture.  Details of process costing can be found at:

The tool can be used to manufacture one consistent part in a repeating process or incorporate multi cavities (a multi impression tool), that is many components can be manufactured on the same tool repeatedly with a single injection. 

It should be noted that, whilst in the animation the flute pitch of the screw is shown as constant along its length, in practice it varies considerably dependent upon the polymer being processed. In particular the root diameter increases from hopper to nozzle to provide compression to the melt.

Source: http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/processes/injection_moulding.aspx

Extruder Machine

An extruder machine can be used to produce a wide variety of products from an equally large range of raw materials. It is also an attractive alternative to other manufacturing processes as it allows for a larger selection of profiles and is suitable for use with brittle materials. In industrial applications, plastics are extruded to produce food packaging film, cladding sheets, insulation, automotive parts, and tubing products such as electrical conduit and plumbing pipes. Steel and alloys are extruded to form rods, pipes, and wires as well as steel conduits and construction members for light engineering. The food and pharmaceutical industries also make extensive use of extrusions in the production of products such as pasta, cereals, cookies, and several drug carriers.

In several extrusion applications, particularly those using plastics, the material to be extruded needs to be heated to melting point prior to being used. These applications typically use a screw feeder mechanism similar to those used in the injection molding process to heat and feed the material. Cold extrusion is also a common extrusion process and is normally limited to metals such as tin, lead, steel, aluminum, and copper. Cold extrusion has several benefits over the hot process such as a lack of oxidization, better surface finishes, and quicker extrusion times. A cold extrusion machine is used to produce items such as automotive pistons, steel cylinders, tubing, and gear blanks. 

What Is An Extruding Machine ?

 

An extruding machine is a device which pushes or pulls a material through a shaped die to form a continuous length of product with a preset cross section. The extrusion process is used to produce a large number of commercial products which include steel or copper wire, plastic tubing, plastic sheets, and many food types. Extrusion as a manufacturing process offers many benefits such as the wide range of complex cross sections possible and the ability to form brittle materials. Depending on the material used, an extrusion machine may form the material cold or hot with some types of materials being completely melted prior to extrusion.

The simplest example of an extrusion machine is a bakers piping bag. The bag is filled with icing and a fitted with a decorative piping nozzle. If the bag is squeezed, the icing fills the nozzle and is forced out or extruded as a continuous length with the same cross section as the shape of the nozzle opening. This is the same basic principle as industrial extrusion machines used to form many products using plastics, metals, and food or pharmaceutical ingredients. The only real departure from this simple example is in the complexity of the cross sections, the inclusion of hollow cores, and the fact that some machines draw the material through the die rather than pushing it. 

An extrusion machine can be used to produce a wide variety of products from an equally large range of raw materials. It is also an attractive alternative to other manufacturing processes as it allows for a larger selection of profiles and is suitable for use with brittle materials. In industrial applications, plastics are extruded to produce food packaging film, cladding sheets, insulation, automotive parts, and tubing products such as electrical conduit and plumbing pipes. Steel and alloys are extruded to form rods, pipes, and wires as well as steel conduits and construction members for light engineering. The food and pharmaceutical industries also make extensive use of extrusions in the production of products such as pasta, cereals, cookies, and several drug carriers.

In several extrusion applications, particularly those using plastics, the material to be extruded needs to be heated to melting point prior to being used. These applications typically use a screw feeder mechanism similar to those used in the injection molding process to heat and feed the material. Cold extrusion is also a common extrusion process and is normally limited to metals such as tin, lead, steel, aluminum, and copper. Cold extrusion has several benefits over the hot process such as a lack of oxidization, better surface finishes, and quicker extrusion times. A cold extrusion machine is used to produce items such as automotive pistons, steel cylinders, tubing, and gear blanks. 

Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-extrusion-machine.htm

5 Stages of the Plastic Recycling Process

Plastic recycling is the term given to the processing of waste plastic which turns old or scrap plastic in to a useable product which can then re-enter the manufacturing chain.
In order for the plastic to be in a suitable format for re use in manufacturing environments such as by injection moulding companies the waste or scrap plastic, needs to go through several recycling processes.

Stage One – Sorting the Plastic

Firstly the waste plastic needs to be collected by the recycling company, once the plastic arrives at the recycling plant the first stage is sort the plastic in to the specific types, plastic recycling is more complex than that of metal or glass recycling due to the many different types of plastic and more importantly mixed plastic cannot be used in manufacturing without delivering poor quality products, hence why plastic recycling companies need to be thorough when it comes to sorting the waste plastic in to the different forms prior to the next stage in the recycling process.

Stage Two - Washing Waste Plastic

Once the waste plastic has been identified and separated in to one of its many forms the cleaning process can begin, this usually starts with washing to remove paper labels, adhesives and other impurities, all the labels on your plastic containers, bottles and even your wheelie bin need to be completely removed as these will lower the quality of the finished recycled plastic.

Stage Three- Shredding the Plastic

The shredding stage is when the waste plastic is taken and loaded on to conveyor belts or directly in to huge hoppers that funnel the clean scrap towards rotating metal teeth that rip the plastic in to small pellets which are bagged up afterwards ready for testing.

Stage Four – Identify and Classify the Plastic

Once the shredded plastic has been bagged it is then chemically tested and labelled as to its exact specification, this rGrade plastic can be used as is by adding to a mix of virgin plastic in a manufacturing run, alternatively the rGrade plastic can be further recycled.

Stage Five - Extruding

This is the final stage in recycling plastic, this involves melting the clean shredded plastic and extruding in to the form of pellets which then go on to manufacture the next lot of plastic products.

Reasons to Recycle Plastic

Millions of tons of waste plastic end up in landfill when the vast majority of it can be recycled, it’s all too easy for us to throw away rubbish without a second thought but we need to take care of our planet and not just reduce the amount of rubbish we bury but also given that plastic is derived from oil a natural product with ever depleting resources it makes sense to recycling as much as possible. Recycled products are becoming more popular and are set to continue as oil exploration moves to ever more hostile and difficult to reach locations, which will of course result in prices of products made from oil will increase.

How Plastic Recycling Machine Works?

Plastic recycling machine is a well-established industry that globally processes and resells several million tons of used plastic material each year. Rather than operating merely out of environmental necessity, plastic material recovery services can be both cost-efficient and productive, saving resources for a range of different manufacturing applications. The recycling and reclamation field also encompasses the industrial processes by which plastic materials are separated into their base monomers and made available for further polymerization at secondary and tertiary levels.

 

While the plastic recycle industry was originally focused on recovering manufacturing scraps and byproducts left over from initial plastic fabrication, present-day recycling services are capable of reclaiming heterogeneous post-consumer goods as well. The methods employed by material recovery systems tend to vary according to the type of plastic being processed, but there are some essential practices common to most recycling services. Stages such as sorting, cleaning, size reduction, separation, and pelletizing can be found in most plastic recycling operations. Likewise, the machinery used to achieve these processes generally falls into a handful of equipment categories.

Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve

A stainless steel solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on amanifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators are also used.